Hidden Route to Adam’s Peak: Epic Hike via Sandagalathenna – Rajamale Trail Sri Lanka

By Jeevan Dananjaya #speedbirdsadventures

(Click the link at the end of this article to watch the documentary of Epic Hike to Adam’s Peak via Sandagalathenna – Rajamale, in Speed Birds Adventures Channel).

It is another cold morning here in the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka, and today we are heading towards one of the most holy mountains in the country… the legendary Adam’s Peak.

We started our journey early in the morning, driving along the beautiful Hatton–Maskeliya Road towards Nallathanniya. Around 7.00 AM, we reached the Nallathanniya junction and turned left onto a narrow winding road leading through the breathtaking Moray Tea Estate.

The tea fields spread across the mountains like a giant green carpet. Tea pluckers are already busy harvesting tender tea shoots while the cold mist slowly drifts across the hills. On our way, we pass eucalyptus patches, forest blocks, and stunning mountain scenery that truly captures the beauty of Sri Lanka’s central highlands.

Finally, we arrive at the far end of the Rajamale Division of Moray Estate and park our vehicle near a small Hindu temple. From here… the real adventure begins.

With our backpacks ready, we start walking through the tea fields for a few minutes until we reach a small junction. We take the footpath on the right-hand side and continue climbing gradually uphill.

After around ten minutes, we finally reach the boundary between the tea plantation and the natural montane forest of the Peak Wilderness Sanctuary. This is the true entrance to the wild ecosystem.

There is an information board placed here by the Department of Wildlife Conservation explaining the importance of protecting this precious rainforest. Unfortunately, many pilgrims have tied branches onto the notice board as part of a traditional belief. But as nature lovers, we believe protecting the forest itself is the greatest respect we can give to this holy place.

And now… once we enter the forest, everything changes instantly. The cool air becomes more humid. The view of the tea estate disappear, replaced by birdsong, flowing water, and the whispering wind through the trees.

We stop beside a crystal-clear stream to refill our water bottles with fresh mountain water before continuing deeper into the forest.

This trail is absolutely beautiful. We can observe native montane forest plants, giant lianas, understory vegetation, moss-covered tree trunks, lichens, orchids, and ferns growing everywhere due to the humid climate. Every step feels like walking through a hidden world untouched by time.

Along the trail, we meet a few Buddhist monks descending from the mountain. Unlike the main pilgrimage route, this path is quiet, less crowded, and completely surrounded by nature. After nearly three hours of climbing, we finally reach an open rocky plateau called Sandagalathenna

Panoramic view of Adam’s Peak at Sandagalathenna

For the first time today, we can clearly see Adam’s Peak rising above the clouds. This rocky grassland is exposed to strong winds, so only short grasses survive here. We take a short rest, enjoy some snacks, and spend time admiring the ever-changing scenery as clouds drift across the sacred mountain.

After our break, we continue ascending once again through the montane forest. Now the trees become shorter and heavily shaped by the strong mountain winds. Many tree trunks are twisted and bent, creating umbrella-shaped canopies across the trail. The climb becomes steeper and more challenging from here.

After another hour of hiking, we finally connect with the famous Hatton–Nallathanniya pilgrimage route at Mahagiridambaya. From this point onward, we climb the well-maintained stairway leading toward the summit.

As we continue higher, we are rewarded with stunning panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and forests of the Peak Wilderness Sanctuary.

On the way, we also observe an ancient footpath revealed inside the jungle after landslides caused during the Ditwah Cyclone period in November 2025. It is incredible evidence showing that people have been climbing this holy mountain through these forests for many decades, perhaps even centuries.

And finally… After nearly five hours of hiking from Moray Estate, we successfully reach the summit of Adam’s Peak.

Standing here among thousands of pilgrims, surrounded by clouds and mountains, truly feels unforgettable. This is not just a hike… it is a spiritual journey through nature, history, and culture.

The Alien Mountain “Danigala” in Sri Lanka: Exploring a Mysterious Rock and Ancient Stargate Legends

By Jeevan Dananjaya

(Click the link at the end of this article to watch the documentary of “Danigala” the Alien Mountain, in Speed Birds Adventures Channel).

Located about 27 kilometers from Maha Oya town along the Manampitiya road, Danigala Rock rises from the Kandegama area as a mysterious natural formation. Also known as the “Alien Mountain” and the “Stargate of King Ravana,” this unique horseshoe-shaped inselberg has been formed over centuries through natural erosion and geological processes. While its unusual shape and scenic beauty attract nature lovers, it is the stories and legends surrounding the rock, especially those linked to extraterrestrial activity that have captured the imagination of many visitors.

Aerial view of Danigala Mountain

A Trek into Nature and History

Representing the Speed Birds Adventures team, I joined Vinoda and Janith for an exciting hike to Danigala Mountain. We began our journey early in the morning by arriving at Kandegama Rajamaha Viharaya. After meeting the Chief Monk and obtaining permission, we prepared for the climb.

The trek to the summit starts from the temple and usually takes about an hour to ascend. The trail is considered moderate to challenging, so it is recommended to go with a local guide, especially for first-time visitors. Arrangements for a guide can be made through the temple.

Team members of Speed Birds Adventures

As we made our way up, we came across a large drip-ledged cave and a reclining Buddha statue. These features highlight the historical and spiritual importance of Danigala long before modern myths became popular. The caves along the mountain slopes clearly show evidence of use by Buddhist monks for meditation. Man-made drip ledges and ancient Brahmi inscriptions, dating back to around the 2nd century BCE, can still be seen today.

Some of these inscriptions mention King Saddatissa and his son, as well as the names of donors who supported the monastic community. These discoveries confirm that Danigala was once an important religious site in ancient Sri Lanka.

An ancient cave

Reaching the Summit

After a steep and sometimes challenging climb, we finally reached the summit. The effort was truly worth it. From the top, we were rewarded with breathtaking panoramic views of untouched forests and the surrounding wilderness. The peaceful atmosphere and natural beauty make it a perfect place for reflection and appreciation of nature.

The summit itself is a wide, flat plateau. One of its most unusual features is the contrast between the outer edge and the center. The curved outer rim of the rock is mostly bare, with very little vegetation, while the central area is covered with greenery. This unique pattern has led to many theories and stories among locals and visitors.

The area is also known to be visited by wild elephants from nearby forests, adding another layer of excitement and caution for those exploring the region.

View of dry zone forest

Legends of Aliens and Ancient Technology

Danigala has earned the nickname “Alien Mountain” due to the many mysterious stories connected to it. Some people believe that the bare strip along the summit and the perfectly curved shape of the rock are not natural. These unusual features have led to claims that the site may have been used by extraterrestrial beings.

At the summit of Danigala Mountain

Local residents often report seeing strange lights in the night sky around Danigala. These lights are said to hover above the mountain or move between nearby peaks, further fueling the idea of alien activity.

In addition to these modern stories, Danigala is also linked to ancient legends. Some believe that it may have been a landing site for King Ravana’s flying machine, known as the Dandumonara or Pushpaka Vimana, mentioned in the ancient Indian epic Ramayana. These stories have added to the belief that Danigala could have once been a gateway to other worlds.

The Ancient Petroglyphs

A few minutes’ walk to the north of the summit leads to one of the most fascinating features of Danigala—an ancient cave known as Chithra Lena. Inside this cave, researchers have discovered a well-preserved panel of petroglyphs carved into the rock.

The carvings, found mainly on the left wall of a narrow rock passage, cover an area of about 25 feet by 16 feet. The passage itself is formed by two granite walls standing very close together, with large boulders above creating a natural roof. This structure has helped protect the carvings from weather damage over time.

The Ancient Petroglyphs

The petroglyphs include a wide range of symbols and figures, such as human-like shapes, birds, plants, and tools like bows and arrows. There are also geometric patterns and unique markings that some researchers describe as “bind code” symbols.

Some experts believe that these symbols may have been used as early counting systems or even as records of astronomical observations. If true, this would indicate a high level of knowledge and understanding among the people who once lived or meditated in this area.

We spent more than four hours exploring the archaeological and natural features of Danigala Mountain. From its historical caves and ancient inscriptions to its mysterious legends and stunning views, the site offers a unique experience for both nature lovers and history enthusiasts.

Danigala is truly a remarkable destination that combines natural beauty, cultural heritage, and fascinating stories. Visitors are encouraged to explore this special place, but it is equally important to protect and preserve its environment for future generations.

As interest in Danigala continues to grow, responsible tourism will play a key role in ensuring that this unique landmark remains unspoiled and continues to inspire wonder for years to come.

Watch out Danigala Documentary in Speed Birds Adventures Channel for more information.

Haritha Kanda: Sri Lanka’s Green Mountain above the Tea Valleys

By Jeevan Dananjaya

Nestled within the lush highlands of Sri Lanka, Haritha Kanda, meaning The Green Mountain, is fast becoming a must-visit destination for hiking enthusiasts and nature lovers. Rising to an elevation of approximately 1,800 meters, this striking peak sits between the scenic plains of Agarapathana and Bopaththalawa, offering breathtaking views and a truly immersive experience in Sri Lanka’s mountain ecosystem.

The summit of Haritha Kanda

The journey to Haritha Kanda begins in the world-renowned tea-growing region of Bogawanthalawa, often referred to as the “Golden Valley of Tea.” This area is famous for producing high-quality Ceylon tea, and its rolling hills are blanketed with vibrant green plantations. The valley is also part of the iconic Pekoe Trail, making it a hub for trekking and outdoor exploration.

There are two main routes to reach Haritha Kanda from Colombo. The first route travels through Hatton, Norwood, and Bogawanthalawa before reaching Bogawana Tea Estate. The second route passes through Hatton, Talawakelle, and Agarapathana before arriving at Bopaththalawa Farm. Both routes offer scenic drives through misty mountains and endless tea fields, setting the tone for the adventure ahead.

Panoramic view of the valley from the summit

Our journey began early in the morning from the Theresia Tea Estate in Bogawanthalawa. Along with my friend Chandana Weerasekara, we walked through the tranquil tea gardens for nearly an hour. The cool morning air, combined with the rhythmic pattern of tea bushes stretching across the hills, created a peaceful start to our hike.

Reaching the starting point near the Lynsted Bungalow of Bogawana Tea Estate, we began our ascent. The trail initially winds through tea fields before transitioning into a rocky path covered with moss, grasses, and delicate wildflowers. After about 30 minutes of climbing, we arrived at a beautiful grassland plateau, a landscape reminiscent of the nearby Horton Plains National Park, known for its unique wet grassland ecosystem.

On the way to summit

From this junction, a trail leads toward Bopaththalawa Farm, while another steeper path ascends Haritha Kanda. Taking a short rest, we admired the panoramic views of the surrounding grasslands, with clouds slowly drifting over the mountain peaks. Although the sky was mostly clear, the summit of Haritha Kanda remained hidden beneath a blanket of mist.

Continuing our climb, the terrain became increasingly steep. The trail led us across several slippery rock surfaces, requiring careful footing, especially during wet conditions. The landscape was alive with vibrant wildflowers emerging from the grasslands, adding splashes of color to the green surroundings. Looking down, the valley unfolded in spectacular fashion, revealing the vast tea estates and distant mountain ridges.

Exacum spp.
Satyrium nepalense

As we approached the summit, the weather took a dramatic turn. A light drizzle quickly intensified into heavy rain, accompanied by strong winds. The rocky surface became dangerously slippery, and we had to take extra precautions to maintain our balance. At the summit, visibility was almost zero due to thick mist, forcing us to wait patiently for the weather to clear.

After about 30 minutes, the rain subsided and the clouds gradually parted, revealing one of the most breathtaking views imaginable. To the east, the expansive lands of Bopaththalawa Farm stretched into the distance, with the iconic plateau of Horton Plains visible far beyond. To the right, the charming town of Bogawanthalawa appeared nestled among the rolling tea hills. The panoramic view from the summit of Haritha Kanda was nothing short of magical, a reward well worth the challenging climb.

For those interested in camping, Haritha Kanda offers several scenic campsites accessible from both the Bogawanthalawa and Bopaththalawa sides. Each location provides a unique experience, from sheltered spots near tea estates to open grassland areas with uninterrupted views of the horizon. However, hikers are strongly encouraged to plan responsibly and respect the fragile ecosystem.

As tourism to lesser-known destinations like Haritha Kanda continues to grow, conservation becomes increasingly important. Visitors are urged not to leave behind any waste and to protect the delicate balance of this natural environment. Preserving these landscapes ensures that future generations can also experience the beauty of Sri Lanka’s highlands.

Haritha Kanda is more than just a hike, it is a journey through some of Sri Lanka’s most stunning and untouched landscapes. From the emerald tea valleys of Bogawanthalawa to the misty grasslands near the summit, every step offers a new perspective and a deeper connection with nature.

For a full visual experience of this adventure, viewers can explore the Haritha Kanda documentary on the Speed Birds Adventures YouTube channel, capturing every moment of this unforgettable journey into Sri Lanka’s Green Mountain.

Dehenakanda-Mukkuwatta Route to Adam’s Peak Sri Lanka – Jungle Trek & Camping Adventure

Welcome to another unforgettable adventure in the heart of Sri Lanka! Join Speed Birds Adventures as we take you on a breathtaking journey through the lesser-known Dehenakanda–Mukkuwatta route to the sacred Adam’s Peak.

Our journey begins at 7 AM from the misty Hapugastenna Estate in Ratnapura, where cool mountain air and light drizzle set the perfect mood for adventure. With backpacks ready and spirits high, our team—Vinoda, Buddika, Shaminda, Janith, and myself—steps into a world of lush tea plantations, serene landscapes, and untouched wilderness.

As the morning mist slowly clears, stunning views unfold around us, accompanied by the soothing sounds of birds. Reaching a small Buddhist shrine marks the gateway to the forest, leading us into the protected Peak Wilderness Nature Reserve. Here, nature thrives under strict conservation, reminding us of the importance of preserving this biodiversity-rich ecosystem.

Our first challenge is crossing the slippery Rat Ganga, a tributary of the Kalu River. As we ascend into the dense tropical rainforest, the drizzle enhances the magical atmosphere. Along the way, we encounter beautiful streams like Wewal Dola, surrounded by bamboo, and take short breaks to absorb the tranquil surroundings.

Deeper into the forest, we reach the small yet fascinating Welkara Cave before beginning the demanding climb up Ratkanda. This steep ascent tests our endurance, but the vibrant rainforest filled with Calophyllum and Syzygium trees keeps us motivated. After hours of hiking, we arrive at Boti Dola, where we pause for a refreshing break.

By midday, we finally reach the stunning Paradise Falls, our campsite for Day 1. Surrounded by lush greenery and the calming sound of cascading water, this hidden gem offers the perfect place to relax. As rain gently falls on our tents, the cool mountain climate creates an unforgettable camping experience.

On Day 2, we continue through montane forests, passing Aggala Dola before tackling a steep climb to Ehala Kanuwa, where we join the Ratnapura route. From there, we complete our spiritual and physical journey to Adam’s Peak.

Experience raw wilderness, hidden trails, and true adventure—watch the full documentary now on Speed Birds Adventures!

By Jeevan Dananjaya

Another leopard rescued…..

A leopard trapped in a snare at Kotiyagala Estate, Bogawanthalawa rescued and released to a natural habitat, today. Friends of Horton Plains was informed this incidence by the community group and we informed officials of Dept. of Wildlife Conservation, immediately.

Mr. Mihiraj Samaraweera, Senior Manager, Kotiyagala Estate, Bogawanthalawa and the management of Kotiyagala Estate were actively involved to control the community and keep people away from the trapped leopard, till officers of DWLC reach. Due to the commitment of Management of the estate, the leopard was rescued and released to suitable natural habitat by team of DWLC.

Friends of Horton Plains highly appreciate the leopard rescue mission led by Mr. Mihiraj Samaraweera, Senior Manager and Vice President of Friends of Horton Plains and following persons Mr. Rehan Madena, Snr. Asst. Manager, Mr. Amila Jayaweera, Asst. Manager, Mr. K. Kannadasan, Field Officer Chapelton Division, Trade Union leaders, Volunteer team and workers of Kotiyagala Estate and Mr. Damiyan, Group leader of Youth Ambassadors program, Bogawanthalawa Estate.

Way forward: Protection of Sri Lankan leopards in tea plantation ecosystem

The Sri Lankan leopard and human have coexisted in the Central Highland for a longer period but incidences between leopard and human were less. However, in the last two decades, anthropogenic activities and the behavior of humans have had a negative impact on the leopard population in the hill country. The mortality of hill country leopards has increased due to illegal activities in tea plantation ecosystem.

Recently, within three days, a leopard was rescued while one died in the tea plantation ecosystem, Central Highland, Sri Lanka. Former leopard was trapped in a house at Logi Estate, Talawakelle and rescued by the team of Department of Wildlife Conservation on 5th August, 2022 and released to natural habitat. The owner of the house and neighbors were appreciated by the general public due to their cooperation shown with relevant authorities.

A leopard trapped in a house rescued

Another Sri Lankan leopard had been trapped in a snare on 7th August 2022 near Hatton. Then, the leopard climbed a Gravillia tree along with a trapped cable and hung on a branch.  Unfortunately, after a couple of hours, the leopard died.

Based on prolonged observation done by Friends of Horton Plains, a non-profit organization, many human-leopard incidences have been recorded. These incidents resulted higher mortality percentage of Sri Lankan leopards due to illegal trapping, snares and poison baiting. In addition to several awareness programs to estate community,

 In addition to several community based awareness programs, another webinar was jointly organized by the FOHP and ASLM to management of tea estates on 15th August, 2022. During the webinar, resource person Mr. Rukshan Jayawardene, a founding trustee at the Leopard Trust, explained the behavior of leopards in high altitude and the importance of an apex predator to smooth functioning of the ecosystem.

During the discussion, Mr. Rajika Gamage, FOHP explained the effectiveness of recently concluded Phase I of “Misty Hills – Youth ambassador programs” conducted by Friends of Horton Plains. These programs were facilitated by Alliance for Sustainable Landscape Management (ASLM) and Rainforest Alliance. Several Estate Managers including Hatton Plantations, Bogawanthalawa Plantations, Mathurata Plantations and Kelani Valley Plantations explained the conservation activities conducted by trained youth groups in their estates. Mr. Dasun Jayasinghe, Standard & Assurance Consultant for South Asia, Rainforest Alliance, pointed out the importance of community empowerment through awareness programs to mitigate such encounters.

Mr. S. Nandakumar, President FOHP discussed the removal of snares followed by successful awareness programs in Thangakelle Estate to reduce human-leopard incidences. The importance of supplying electric fencing to farmers was pointed out by Mr. Mahendra Prasad Pieris. Mr. Giri Kadurgamuwa,  ASLM thanked to FOHP to conducted such important awareness programs. All participants were requested to conduct conservation activities such as removal of snares, stop hunting etc. at their estates. 

Sri Lanka Leopard Day 2022 – A snapshot of community based leopard conservation approach

Today 1st August, 2022, Sri Lanka will celebrate its first national day of the Sri Lankan leopard. It was declared based on a proposal put forward by the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society (WNPS), Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan leopard subspecies (Panthera pardus kotiya), up until 2020, was an endangered species. In 2020, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) declared present status as “vulnerable” on their international Red List of Threatened Species.

Foot-print of leopard. Pic taken by Rajika Gamage

Many areas inhabited by leopards both in wet and dry areas of Sri Lanka. Recent observations revealed that the leopards use a range of landscapes in Central Highlands, Sri Lanka including regenerating forests, tea plantations and other areas in close proximity to human settlements. As human populations continue to increase and reduction of natural habitats in hill country, the incidences of human-leopard encounters have been increased in recent past. Due to lack of awareness of the behavior of leopard in hill country, these incidences lead to conflicts.

Carcass of lapboard

With prolong observation of leopard killing in Central Highlands; the environment association named “Friends of Horton Plains (FOHP)” conducted several community based awareness programs during last couple of years. A brain-storming session was organized by the FOHP collaboration with Department of Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife & Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka on 16th May 2018. During the meeting, several key decisions were taken for future activities of leopard conservation in Central Highland landscape.

Community awareness programs conducted by Rajika Gamage, FOHP

Friends of Horton Plains organized online lecture series conducted by Mr. Rukshan Jayawardene, under the theme of “Human-leopard co-existence in the tea landscape in Central Highland, Sri Lanka” in 2020. Based on the outcomes of the lecture series, the association formed several community youth groups in hill country tea estates. Selected youth groups were empowered through awareness programs to conserve this important large carnivore in Human dominated tea landscape.

Field activities conducted by Rajika Gamage, FOHP

The association successfully concluded Environmental Stewardship community program named “Misty Hills – Youth Ambassador Program” partnership with Alliance for Sustainable Landscape Management during year 2021 and 2022. FOHP trained total of 250 youths from selected youth groups as “Young Naturalists” along with officials of tea estates in six different regions in Central Highland, Sri Lanka. It is observed that, with the success of the community based awareness programs, the incidences of leopard killing in tea landscape in Central Highlands has been greatly reduced.

Field activities conducted by Rajika Gamage

“Misty Hills” – Youth Nature Ambassador Programs

Several residential youth naturalists training programs have been successfully completed by Friends of Horton Plains collaboration with Rainforest Alliance in 2021. All programs were conducted by the naturalists of Friends of Horton Plains at the Horton Plains National Park.

View from Thotapola Kanda

Two residential programs at Horton Plains National Park

Youth groups from different tea estates viz. Dayagama West, Tangakelle, Uvahkelle, Laxapana, Moray, Fairlawn, Alton & Strathsphy Estates were participated for the first two residential programs. Several nature conservation activities such as identification of Sri Lankan flora & fauna, importance of natural ecosystems and services, impact of invasive species, development of leadership were conducted by the experts of Friends of Horton Plains. Several officials from Rainforest Alliance also participated and certificates were distributed.

Two residential programs for Bogawanthalawa Region

Based on the successfully completed previous programs, Friends of Horton Plains organized another Youth Nature Ambassadors program collaboration with Rainforest Alliance for youth groups in Bogawanthalaa, Kotiyagala, Campion, Fetteresso, Bogawana and Loinorn tea estates under Bogawanthalawa Plantation Plc.

Field activities

  • Identification of different forest types
  • Different ecosystems in Central Highland and their importance
  • Field identification of animals through visual observation (butterflies, dragonflies, amphibians, mammals and plants)

Team work and leadership development

Presentations and distribution of awards and certificates

Vanishing beauty – Wild orchids of Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, Orchidaceae is among the largest families in the country with 189 known species, belonging to 78 genera, including 55 endemic species. Considering the Sri Lankan orchids, 70.6% of the orchid species including 84% of the endemics are categorized as threatened. Within this 8.6% of the species are Critically Endangered (CR), 29.3% are Endangered (EN) and 32.6% of species are Vulnerable (VU). Further, 2.2% of the species are Critically Endangered Possibly Extinct [CR(PE)], 14.1% are Near Threatened (NT).


Ipsea speciosa

Among terrestrial orchid species, the Daffodil Orchid (Ipsea speciosa)has identified as an endemic and endangered species. It is hard to distinguish this species among grasses when there are no flowers as it does not bear leaves during the flowering season.

Some species of orchids are specialized to grow in wet habitats; Habenaria and Peristylus prefer growing in wet seepage areas where as Ipsea speciosa, Phaius wallichii and Satyrium nepalense recorded in patana grasslands in lower montane and upper montane zones


Satyrium nepalense

Threat and conservation

Habitat deterioration and degradation, clearing of vegetation, intentional forest fires and spread of invasive alien species are significant threats to highland grasslands and wetlands in Sri Lanka. In the montane and submontane areas, forests and grasslands are cleared for vegetable cultivation, this being the main agriculture-based threat. The excessive use of agro chemicals is believed to have a considerable impact on the survival of the orchid populations. Besides, forest felling for firewood, encroachments and illegal settlements, intentional forest fire and garbage dumping are the main habitat related threats to native orchid survival.

References

Fernando, R.H.S., 2012. Present status of family Orchidaceous in Sri Lanka, in: Weerakoon, D.K., Wijesundara, S. (Eds.), The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka: Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 200–204.

Fernando, S. S. & Ormerod, P. (2008). An annotated checklist of the Orchids of Sri Lanka. Rheedea, 18(1),  1–28.

Central Highland Wetlands: Unique Ecosystem at World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka

By Jeevan Dananjaya

Freshwater spring

Wetlands are habitats with either permanent or temporary accumulation of water, with associated floral and faunal communities. They are valuable in terms of hydrology, plant and animal productivity, and biodiversity; and they carry out important functions, especially for sustaining hydrological and chemical cycles.

The National Wetland Directory of Sri Lanka in 2006, in which 62 wetlands have been described with their status. According to the Ramsar definition, three major categories of wetlands can be identified in Sri Lanka.

(i) Inland natural freshwater wetlands

(ii) Marine and salt water wetlands

(iii) Man-made wetlands

Manmade lake in tea estate

Hydrological Importance of central highlands

The highland wetlands can be classified based hydrological and ecological features or functions that contribute, to development of ecological communities. Freshwater marshes and water logged swamps are shallow inland depressions either connected to a river or receive water through surface run-off, river floodwater and ground water seepage. In general, highland marshes are seen in the valleys and lower slopes. These habitats are associated with grasslands and are good examples of unique ecosystems found only in hill country of Sri Lanka. Montane grassland marshes are best represented at Horton Plains National Park at an altitude of about 2000 m . Most of the threatened highland crabs and amphibian species are associated with the aquatic ecosystems such as marshy lands.